印度尼西亚颁布新总统条例(2025年第109号总统条例)修订垃圾发电政策

长期以来,垃圾管理一直是印度尼西亚面临的紧迫问题。此前,印尼依据2018年第35号总统条例推进的12座城市垃圾发电厂建设计划进展不理想,目前仅有两座设施投入运营。其余项目则因预算限制、采购难题及缺乏适宜垃圾等因素而延误。政府意识到需要建立更可持续可靠的系统,并转向更综合的垃圾发电模式。近日,印尼政府颁布了《2025年第109号总统条例:基于环保技术的城市垃圾处理与可再生能源转化》。该新规取代了此前2018年第35号总统条例,在垃圾处理方面进行了全面改革以突破既有障碍。值得注意的是,该条例将垃圾发电项目的范围从单纯发电扩展至其他可再生能源产出,包括生物能源和生物燃料。此外,该条例改变了发电项目开发商的收益模式——从原先的同时从PT PLN(Persero)(简称“PLN”)和地方政府获得项目付款,转变为了通过单一协议直接从PLN获取全部项目收益。这一新机制结合更高的固定上网电价及由BPI Danantara(印尼设立的主权财富基金)实施的集中采购,旨在提升项目吸引力并简化管理流程。

2025年第109号总统条例的关键变化

下列表格总结了新旧条款的主要差异,并着重突出了项目参与方需要关注的印尼废转能项目(WTE Projects”)的重要变化。

主题2018年第35号总统条例2025年第109号总统条例
项目开发商选择
地方政府依据采购或公私合营(PPP)规则选定开发商。BPI Danantara(及其国有实体/子公司)依据投资合作规则选定开发商。项目须满足商业、财务及风险标准。
PLN任务分配
开发商选定后,地方政府向能源与矿产资源部长提议PLN参与。PLN须直接从WTE项目购电。
开发商收益 开发商获得两项支付: • PLN依据购电协议("PPA")止付电费; • 地方政府预算支付倾倒费(tipping fee)(最高50万印尼盾/吨) 开发商通过PPA直接从PLN获得全部项目收益。倾倒费现已取消。
购电价格价格取决于项目规模:
• ≤20兆瓦:0.1335美元/千瓦时;
• >20兆瓦:0.1454美元 - (0.076 ×售予PLN容量) (>20 MW)

项目不受限于价格上涨
所有项目规模统一固定为0.20美元/千瓦时,无价格上调机制。
PPA期限与签署时间未明确规定PPA的期限。 能源与矿产资源部长下达指令后,PLN有35天签署期限。 30年PPA期限。开发商满足许可要求后,PLN须在10个工作日内签署。(具体指引参见能源与矿产资源部2025年第5号条例)
违约处罚未明确规定若开发商因不可控技术问题或废料供应不足导致无法满足PPA约定容量,不承担违约责任。
激励措施未明确规定采用本土技术开发商可申请增值税豁免。其他财政与非财政激励措施亦可能适用,但条文中未详述资格认定或申请要求。

正在推进的垃圾发电项目处理方案

对于区域政府已选定开发商、签订合作协议或在新规颁布前与PLN签署了购电协议的在建垃圾发电项目,将继续依据2018年第35号总统条例继续执行。

但若项目未能达成关键绩效指标(如实现垃圾发电、减少垃圾数量或缩短垃圾处理时间),开发商仍有可能依据2025年第109号总统条例转入新的法律框架。此类转换只能在所有既有协议完全终止后才可实施。

就寻求转让新法律框架的开发商是需要重新参与政府采购程序,还是可以依据新规则直接获得开发商身份,这一问题还有待进一步澄清。

关键要点

  1. 2025年第109号总统条例标志着印尼垃圾发电政策的重要转变,旨在突破先前法律框架下制约发展的监管与商业壁垒。
  2. 新条例通过简化PLN结算流程、提高固定上网电价,并由BPI Danantara集中管理项目采购,旨在提升垃圾发电项目的投资吸引力与可操作性。
  3. 改革明确了公私利益相关方之间的风险分配机制,尤其在付款保障和垃圾供应方面,预计将提升项目可融资性并增强投资者信心。
  4. 现有项目开发商若满足相关条件(包括终止所有前期协议),可转入新法律框架运作。
  5. 总的来说,新总统条例的推出和变革有望吸引更多私营部门参与,以加速印尼垃圾发电项目的开发进程。

投资者需重点关注修订后的项目收益结构、固定上网电价、集中采购流程、评估项目融资可行性、风险分配及是否符合新规则下的采购标准。同时,密切关注能源与矿产资源部后续指导意见,并探索采用本土技术以获得新规下的激励措施对投资者而言也同样重要。


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